423. Mechanistic strategies for managing heart failure / What proportion of patients with acute pulmonary edema have JVD? Peripheral edema? / How does CPAP, BIPAP work in APE? How does NTG help?
422. Acute heart failure precipitants / Interpretation of BNP level
421. Relationship between R heart failure and L heart failure / Give fluid to hypotension with increased JVD? / Systolic vs. diastolic dysfunction / NYHA heart failure classification
420. Disease processes resulting in heart failure / Causes of high-output heart failure
419. IVF for cardiogenic shock? / Physiologic compensatory mechanisms for declining cardiac function
418. How does an arterial dilator cause an increase in cardiac output? / Who does a venodilator relieve pulmonary congestion? / Causes of decreased contractility / Pathophysiology and etiologies of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
417. Preload describes what measurable parameter? Key values for pulmonary artery occlusion pressure / 2 major components of SVR / Components of MAP
416. Define heart failure / Heart failure prognosis and cause of death / Normal cardiac index & physiologic parameters determining cardiac output and CI / Describe the Frank-Starling relation
